Do You Understands OTDR Test for Fiber Optic Cable?

OTDR stands for “Optical Time Domain Reflectometer”. A Fiber Testing OTDR is the optical equivalent of an electronic time domain reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered or reflected back from points along the fiber. The scattered or reflected light that is gathered back is used to characterize the optical fiber. This is equivalent to the way that an electronic time-domain meter measures reflections caused by changes in the impedance of the cable under test. The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time and plotted as a function of fiber length.

Mostly People knows that that testing machine, Optical fiber testing machine, testing Otdr and much more. With the help of Optical Testing machine, This test will acquire a trace of an installed fiber optic cable plant, single mode or multimode, including the loss of all fiber, splices, and connectors. If the Connector should be clean and neat and good quality of fiber cable then Otdr Machine provides the best result & Good working testing machine.

These are the main imports Points are –

1)Testing A Fiber Optic Cable Plant

2) Reading AN OTDR Trace   

3) Attenuation of Fiber   

4) Length or Distance   

5) Loss Events: Splices, Connectors   

6) Reflectance   

If the requirement of best fiber testing OTDR, Go to Website here- https://www.optronix.in/Deviser.php Choose the trusted USA OTDR brand Company in entire India. 25 year ago, Manufacture Deviser OTDR in the USA. We are also an importer, wholesaler, the sole distributor of Deviser. Available Deviser Series are AE2100A, AE2100AQ, AE3100A,B,C,D & Ae3100 DP live OTDR.

How Does an OTDR Work?

Unlike sources and power meters which measure the loss of the fiber optic cable plant directly, the OTDR works indirectly. The source and meter duplicate the transmitter and receiver of the fiber optic transmission link, so the measurement correlates well with actual system loss. The OTDR, however, uses a unique optical phenomenon of fiber to indirectly measure loss.

The biggest factor in optical fiber loss is scattering. In fiber, light is scattered in all directions, including some scattered back toward the source as shown here. The OTDR uses this "backscattered light" to make measurements along with reflected light from connectors or cleaved fiber ends.

The OTDR consists of a high power laser transmitter that sends a pulse of light down the fiber. Back-scattered light and reflected light returns to the OTDR through the fiber and is directed to a sensitive receiver through a coupler in the OTDR front end. For each measurement, the OTDR sends out a very high power pulse and measures the light coming back over time. At any point in time, the light the OTDR sees is the light scattered from the pulse passing through a region of the fiber. Think of the OTDR pulse as being a "virtual source" created by the scattering that is testing all the fiber between itself and the OTDR as it moves down the fiber. Since it is possible to calibrate the speed of the pulse as it passes down the fiber from the index of refraction of the glass in the core of the fiber, the OTDR can correlate what it sees in backscattered light with an actual location in the fiber. Thus it can create a display of the amount of backscattered light at any point in the fiber along its length.

There are some calculations involved. Remember the light has to go out and come back, so you have to factor that into the time calculations, cutting the time in half. One must also cut the loss in half since the light sees loss both ways. The power loss is a logarithmic function, so the power is measured and displayed in dB.

The amount of light scattered back to the OTDR is proportional to the backscatter of the fiber, peak power of the OTDR test pulse and the length of the pulse sent out. If you need more backscattered light to get good measurements, you can increase the pulse peak power or pulse width or send out more pulses and average the returned signals. All three are used in many OTDRs, with user control of some of the selections.

OTDRs are always used with a launch cable and may use a receive cable. The launch cable, sometimes also called a "pulse suppressor," allows the OTDR to settle down after the test pulse is sent into the fiber and provides a reference connector for the first connector on the cable under test to determine its loss. A receive cable may be used on the far end to allow measurements of the connector on the end of the cable under test also.

Information in the OTDR Trace

They say a picture is worth a thousand words, and the OTDR picture (or "trace" as they are called) takes a lot of words to describe all the information in it! Consider the diagram of a trace at the right.

The slope of the fiber trace shows the attenuation coefficient of the fiber and is calibrated in dB/km by the OTDR. In order to measure fiber attenuation, you need a fairly long length of fiber with no distortions on either end from the OTDR resolution or overloading due to large reflections. If the fiber looks nonlinear at either end, especially near a reflective event like a connector, avoid that section when measuring loss.

Connectors and splices are called "events" in OTDR jargon. Both should show a loss, but connectors and mechanical splices will also show a reflective peak. The height of that peak will indicate the amount of reflection at the event unless it is so large that it saturates the OTDR receiver. Then peak will have a flat top and tail on the far end, indicating the receiver was overloaded.

Sometimes, the loss of a good fusion splice will be too small to be seen by the fiber testing OTDR. That's good for the system but can be confusing to the operator. It is very important to know the lengths of all fibers in the network, so you know where to look for events and won't get confused when unusual events show up (like ghosts, we'll describe below.)

Reflective pulses can show you the resolution of the OTDR. You cannot see two events closer than is allowed by the pulse width. Generally, longer pulse widths are used to be able to see farther along the cable plant and narrower pulses are used when high resolution is needed, although it limits the distance the OTDR can see.

Making Measurements With The OTDR

Fiber Attenuation by Two Point Method.

The OTDR measures distance and loss between the two markers. This can be used for measuring the loss of a length of the fiber, where the OTDR will calculate the attenuation coefficient of the fiber or the loss of a connector or splice.

To measure the length and attenuation of the fiber, we place the markers on either end of the section of fiber we wish to measure. The OTDR will calculate the distance difference between the two markers and give the distance. It will also read the difference between the power levels of the two points where the markers cross the trace and calculate the loss or difference in the two power levels in dB. Finally, it will calculate the attenuation coefficient of the fiber by dividing loss by distance and present the result in dB/km, the normal units for attenuation.

In order to get a good measurement, it is necessary to find a relatively long section of fiber to give a good baseline for the measurement. Short distances will mean small amounts of loss, and the uncertainty of the measurement will be higher than if the distance is longer. It is also advisable to stay away from events like splices or connectors, as the OTDR may have some settling time after these events, especially if they are reflective, causing the trace to have nonlinearities caused by the instrument itself.

Fiber Attenuation by Least Squares Method

The OTDR measures distance and loss between the two markers but calculates the best fit line between the two points mathematically using the "least squares" method to reduce noise. When the markers are selecting the noisy part of the fiber trace, the least squares attenuation (2-pt LSA) tool can be applied to calculate the dB loss between the cursors. Look closely and you will see a thick grey line between the markers, indicating the best fit to the trace, averaging all the noise.

Splice Loss by Two Point Method

The OTDR measures distance to the event and loss at an event - a connector or splice - between the two markers.

To measure splice loss, move the two markers close to the splice to be measured, having each about the same distance from the center of the splice. The splice won’t look as neat as this, with the instrument resolution and noise making the traceless sharp looking, as you will see later on. The OTDR will calculate the dB loss between the two markers, giving you a loss reading in dB.

Measurements of connector loss or splices with some reflectance will look very similar, except you will see a peek at the connector, caused by the back reflection of the connector.

Splice Loss by Least Squares (LSA)

The OTDR measures distance and loss at an event - a connector or splice - between the two markers but calculates the best fit line between the two points using the "least squares" method to reduce noise.

If you noticed, the markers are separated by some distance, which includes the loss of some fiber on either side of the actual connector or splice Most OTDRs will calculate the loss for you by extrapolating the fiber traces on both sides of the event and calculating the loss without any influence from the fiber length. The mathematical method uses is called "Least Squares Approximation", hence the term "LSA" used by many OTDRs in their display and setup menus.
Setting LSA requires setting several markers - one on the peak, the two regular markers near the event and the two end markers which define the segments used for least-squares analysis. These segments should be long enough to allow good measurement but not so long as to approach other events.

Reflectance

The OTDR measures the amount of light that's returned from both backscatter in the fiber and reflected from a connector or splice. The amount of light reflected is determined by the differences in the index of refraction of the two fibers joined a function of the composition of the glass in the fiber, or any air in the gap between the fibers, common with terminations and mechanical splices.

This is a complicated process involving the baseline of the OTDR, backscatter level and power in the reflected peak. Like all backscatter measurements, it has a fairly high measurement uncertainty but has the advantage of showing where reflective events are located so they can be corrected if necessary.

By choosing the reflectance measurement and putting the right (blue) cursor on the peak of the reflection and the left (red) cursor just to the left of the reflection, the OTDR will measure the reflectance.

Comparing Traces

Comparing two traces in the same window is useful for confirming data collection and contrasting different test methods on the same fiber. Comparisons are also used to compare fiber traces during troubleshooting with traces take just after installation to see what has changed. All OTDRs offer this feature, where you can copy one trace and paste it on another to compare them. Here is an example of how you can use this feature.

Note that the two traces are taken from the same multimode fiber cable plant at different test wavelengths. The major difference in the slope of the traces displays the different attenuation coefficient of the fiber. The blue line (top) represents the attenuation coefficient of the cable in at 1300 nm, the green line (bottom) represents the same cable measured at 850 nm. There is also a noticeable difference in the reflectance at the splice. Variations in reflectance due to the wavelength difference is not unusual.

Other reasons you might want to compare two traces includes:

• Compare several fibers in the same cable to see if they are different.
• Traces taken at different times to see if the cable has changed.
• At different wavelengths, since fiber is more sensitive to stress at longer wavelengths, this allows finding stress points caused by installation.
• At different pulse widths (below) to decide which setting gives the best compromise between noise and resolution or to find events lost with wide pulse widths.

Read the complete solution of OTDR and optical power meter/RF Meter. Get the brand best OTDR from Candid Optronix Pvt Ltd.

Diwali 2018 : Indian People aggressive to Celebrate the festival of Light

The festival of lights, Diwali, is arguably India’s largest religious celebration when homes, offices, institutions and entire neighborhoods are decorated with candles, earthen lamps and fairy lights on this auspicious moonless night.

Traditionally, however, different regions of India have diverse ways of commemorating this day. Different parts of India celebrate Diwali in their own unique ways.

Start with Ramchartra Manas Chaupai, 

Awadhpuri Prabhu Aawat Jaani, Bhayi Sakal Sobha Ke Khani

Bahyi Suhawan Tribidh Sameera, Bhayi Saraju Ati Nirmal Neera

When a homecoming of Lord Rama after 14 years of exile and his victory over the demon king Ravana. The night when Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya, that night, the world celebrates its first Deepawali. Ever since from that night till date we celebrate Diwali with all happiness and grandeur to remember that good always win over evil. In a multi-cultural country like India, the Festival of Lights might be celebrated in different ways but the essence of celebrating this festival is one, that is, to spread joy and to remember to be an ideal human-like Lord Rama. 

 The major 6 interesting ways that you can do during this joyous festivals.

1. Celebrating Diwali with Indian Family

2. Exploring Illuminating Markets of Jaipur

3. Gambling in Goa and Destruction of Demon Narakasura

4. Enjoy Fireworks in the Ancient City of India

5. Kali Puja and Diwali in Kolkata

6. Golden Diwali at Golden Temple in Amritsar

Indian people see a special cable television show and Television Channel like Color, Zee TV & Comedy program with Family. 

Wishing you Very Happy Diwali 2018 to Candid Optronix Family. Let's celebrate a pollution-free Diwali 2018.

How do fusion splicer works?

 Candid Optronix is an ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company in India. Follow the step by step fusion splicer work as given below-

1. using good quality fiber optic.

2. should be cleaning fiber by alcohol( get the best result 98%)

3. Choosing by cable type - The cables laid down in network construction are one of two types, single fiber, and ribbon fiber, and these correspond to two types of product: single fiber fusion splicers and ribbon fiber fusion splicers respectively.

Ribbon fiber fusion splicers are used with ribbon fiber, enabling them to splice multiple fibers at once, and giving them the advantages of the efficient use of the wiring space and a shorter time needed to carry out the work. 

On the other hand, due to the mechanism design, core alignment fusion splicers allow high-precision alignment, providing the advantage of low-loss splicing.

Our company offers a wide line up of fusion splicers, starting with the TYPE-81m12 ribbon fiber fusion splicers and the TYPE-82C for single fiber fusion splicers. Below, I will explain some ways to think about choosing a machine, focusing on single fiber fusion splicers.

Choosing by fiber type- For modern fibre-optic networks, depending on their purpose, each fibre manufacturer independently designs, manufactures and sells worldwide not just standard SMF/MM fibre, but also various other types, including BIF (Bend-Insensitive Optical fibre, which is less sensitive to stress, particularly bending) and NZDSF (Non-zero dispersion-shifted fibre, which is designed to overcome the problems of dispersion-shifted fibre).

Choosing by network type - Our fusion splicer lineup also features the specialized FTTH splicer T-400S. And for cases such as the last one-mile connection of an FTTH network, where some level of loss is acceptable, the z1c fusion splicer is popular for use in access networks. We offer many other products to suit the capabilities and costs required by each kind of network construction.

Top Brand Sumitomo Fiber Optic Fusion Splicer in India

Candid Optronix is one of the biggest wholesale traders, authorized the sole distributor of Sumitomo & Manufacturer of cable tv product in India. We have a Sumitomo Splicer includes Core alignment fusion splicer z1c, Clad Alignment Fusion splicer t400s, 82c fiber optic machine, Ribbon Fusion Splicer 81m12 & much more.

With over 30 years’ experience of fusion splicer innovation, production and supply; Sumitomo Electric fusion splicers are used world-wide by network installers, fiber optic manufacturers, data centre constructors and carrier grade network operators. 

Sumitomo Electric’s product range is comprehensive; from handheld micro-splicers through splicers for FTTx and data centre build to High Definition Core Aligning splicers for the backbone network and ribbon splicers for high density networks.To join the others who build their network with Sumitomo Electric fusion splicers, click on the products below.

The TYPE-81M12 mass fusion splicer has drip proof and dust proof performance equivalent to IP52. Rubber shook pads are equipped with the splicer to protect it from drop impact.

Designed for portability, precision splicing, reliability, and speed — without foregoing affordability― the TYPE-82C splicer is ideal for splicing applications in the central office or head end, the feeder portion of the FTTx network where speed in high fiber application is crucial, and at terminals leading to the final drop to premises or home. For added convenience and functionality, the Sumitomo Splicing Machine TYPE-82Cdesign includes a multi- position monitor that automatically change its view to accommodate front-to-back and back-to-front viewing for a vast array of splicing applications. The splicer is RoHS compliant.
Core Alignment Fusion Splicer Z1C  has environmental protection equivalent to IP52 waterproof and dustproof. It also has anti-shock rubbers around the machine to protect the splicer from dropping. Designed for portability, precision splicing, reliability, and speed — without foregoing affordability― the Z1C splicer is ideal for splicing applications in the central office or head end, the feeder portion of the FTTx network where speed in high fiber application is crucial, and at terminals leading to the final drop to premises or home.

Sumitomo's state of art active V-groove technology helps to align the fiber even up to 125um gap. Internal memory of T-400S can save up to 10,000 splice data and 100 splice images, and its capability of 150 Splice programs and 50 heating programs gives a wide range of selection/editing to the user. T-400S Fusion Splicer has high environmental durability with IPx5 dust resistance and IPx1 Water resistance. The machine is shock-proof for drop from 76cm on the bottom surface. Its 3200mAh battery can complete 200Splice/Heating operations per cycle charge, and Electrodes can be used up to 6000Arc Discharges. Overall, the T-400S Splicer is of great benefit for FTTH applications.

Buy Fusion Splicer at a reasonable price from Candid Optronix Pvt Ltd. 

Sumitomo Electric Group launched SumiCloud™ app

SumiCloud is the Powerful tool that supports your fusion splicer in the field. Using SmartPhone, connect to internet & Sumitomo's cloud services which include data management, Asset Management, firmware updates & maintenance support.

Enjoy a new Generation splicer experience with SumiCloud.

SumiCloud Function - 

Smooth & Secure support field operator using Sumicloud smartphone & for Managers using SumiCloud WebApp.

SumiCloud delivers benefits to all Users - telecom carriers, installation contractors, rental companies & maintenance offices.

Download the best SumiCloud Web App from google play & Apple Store for Several User. To Get knowledge about the SumiCloud web app & SumiCloud Function from Candid Optronix Website. Choose the best fusion splicer 82c with SumiCloud SD Card Using the smartphone with SumiCloud Application

Note 1. SumiCloud SD card is required to add SumiCloud Function on the splicer.

 




















x

How to choose a Right Splicing Machine (Fusion Splicer)

With over 30 years’ experience of fusion splicer innovation, production and supply; Sumitomo Electric fusion splicers are used worldwide by network installers, fiber optic manufacturers, data center constructors, and carrier-grade network operators.

Sumitomo Electric’s product range is comprehensive; from handheld micro-splicers through splicers for FTTx and data center build to High Definition Core Aligning splicers for the backbone network and ribbon splicers for high-density networks.

Difference between Single Fiber Fusion Splicer & Mass Fusion Splicer

Single fiber splicers and mass or ribbon splicers are two main types of fusion splicers in the market. You should choose the right one for them according to your specific applications.

What is Single Fiber Fusion Splicer, Briefly-

Single fiber splicers usually splice 250-micron fiber, but can also hold 900 microns jacketed fiber, flat drop cable and splice on connectors (also known as splice-on-connectors) used mostly for FTTH applications as well. One piece of fiber is stripped, cleaned, cleaved then inserted into the fiber holder. Another fiber repeats the same process to lay in the opposite fiber holder. Most newer single fusion splicer models can splice in less than ten seconds and estimate attenuation (loss of light). Of course, this is only an estimation and the fiber should be tested more accurately with an OTDR.

Single Fiber splicers are given below as - 

First Model - Z1C CORE ALIGNMENT FUSION SPLICER

Second Model - SUMITOMO SPLICING MACHINE 82C

Model third- SUMITOMO SPLICING MACHINE T-400S

The question in Mind, What is Mass Fusion Splicer

Mass or ribbon splicers can splice 1 to 12 fibers all at once. The fiber holders determine the number of fibers you can splice at once. Mass splicers are not nearly as popular as the single fiber splicers, but if used on cable where more than one fiber needs to be spliced they are extremely efficient. When fiber counts of over 96 are needed, there can be up to a 65% savings per splice costs. Let’s say on average a single fiber splice costs $25 and a ribbon splice is $110 each. At a location that needs 144 splices, the single fiber splicer would run a cost of $3600. A ribbon splicer would only perform 12 splices at a total of $1320. The following mass fusion splicer is a Sumitomo splicing machine 81M12. Sumitomo splicing machine 81M12 is also known as Ribbon fusion splicer.

Difference between Core Alignment Fusion Splicer & Cladding Alignment Fusion Splicer

Currently, there is two aligning systems used for fusion splicer which is core alignment system and cladding alignment system.

First Model - Core Alignment Fusion Splicer 

Core alignment splicing is currently the most commonly used fusion splicing technology. Core alignment splicers use a combination of image and light detection systems that “view” the fiber cores to measure and monitor core position during the alignment process. 

This provides for precise fiber alignment, resulting in a typical splice loss of the only 0.02dB. Compared to cladding alignment, it is more expensive, more powerful and flexible, and less sensitive to variations in the cable and environment. Core alignment fusion splicers have long been the preferred method for CATV installations, backbone networks, specialty fiber applications, and optical components manufacturing largely because of their high accuracy and reliability. Sumitomo Splicing Machine z1c is also known as Core Alignment Fusion Splicer. Find the best Core Alignment Fiber optic splicing Machine with high-class Sevices from Candid Optronix.

Sumitomo Second Model- Cladding Alignment Fusion Splicer- More basic fusion splicers employ clad alignments to line up the fibers for splicing. The fibers sit in a holder or V-groove and are lined up “physically”, based on the outer diameter of the fiber’s cladding. Fiber cores are adjusted inwards and outwards. 

The advantage of this method is that the technology required is low cost and fast alignment and splicing, so it is still utilized on low-cost field fusion splicers and ribbon splicers. However, since the outer diameters are aligned doesn’t mean the cores will be perfectly aligned. Cladding alignment splicers typically produce higher loss splices and lack the features and flexibility of higher end splicers. Sumitomo Splicing Machine T-400S also known as Cladding Alignment Fusion Splicer. 

Conclusion

When it comes to choosing a splicer from Candid Optronix Pvt Ltd, all factors mentioned in this article should be considered. Candid Optronix is India's No1 distributor of Sumitomo ElectricGroup, choosing a reliable company becomes particularly important. One company that can help you decide which splicer is the best fit for you is Candid Optronix Pvt. Their supportive our Sales staff will help narrow down the choices of equipment to fit your particular needs based on application and budget. So Visit Website, https://www.optronix.in 

Sumitomo has the fastest splicing Machine other than a fusion splicer company. Candid Optronix Pvt Ltd is authorized, the sole distributor of Sumitomo Electric Group. Sumitomo Electric Group builds the high quality & used the high-class material with the fully tested fusion splicer after delivering the fusion splicer in India.

Sumitomo Electric Group makes all fusion splicer model is user-friendly, compact, light-weight & Versalite. Sumitomo is used unique technology to help to several types of fiber cable.

For more information regarding fusion splicer briefly, click here – https://candidoptronix.wordpress.com/2018/06/23/do-you-know-about-fusion-splicer-splicing-machine/

Arises in question in Mind, Again & again, How to choose a fusion Splicer?

Answer – 1. A long-term focus on full services and provides a high-quality product for Customers.

2. A strong Research & Development team delivers our customers with a high performing product, while our post-sales team provides comprehensive support.

3. We take our customer feedback on priority which us on top. our factory has been visited and acclaimed by numbers of clients from various countries and distributors which defines our production capabilities.